Baseball Pitching: Normative Ranges

This page collects the complete normative reference tables for baseball pitching — the same underlying data shown as 10th/25th/50th/75th/90th percentile summaries on individual metric pages, extended here to the full 5th–95th percentile range for each competition level. See Normative Ranges for how to interpret these tables. Each competition-level dataset was built by pooling all valid pitching sessions per athlete, selecting the single session closest to that athlete’s overall average across all metrics, then re-analyzing with the latest biomechanical analysis software and removing sessions that failed Uplift’s quality assurance tests.

Youth Sample

Reference dataset built from 206 unique youth athletes performing a pitch in 2025.

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Prefer higher velocities for better performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity	289	330	370	428	463	523	553	deg/s
Peak Trunk Angular Velocity	475	557	627	686	726	773	788	deg/s
Peak Arm Angular Velocity	730	947	1050	1192	1255	1331	1422	deg/s
Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up	1.22	1.29	1.43	1.57	1.75	2.02	2.29	ratio
Trunk to Arm Speed Up	1.23	1.41	1.57	1.72	1.89	2.10	2.27	ratio
Max Trunk COM Velocity	1.37	1.39	1.49	1.65	1.89	2.38	2.74	m/s

Distance and Time

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Stride Length	0.66	0.70	0.74	0.80	0.87	0.96	1.02	% height
Time to Release	0.92	1.00	1.07	1.21	1.33	1.46	1.65	s
Wrist Position to Lead Toe	-0.30	-0.22	-0.10	-0.03	0.01	0.06	0.08	m
Wrist Height at Release	0.75	0.80	0.86	0.95	1.01	1.10	1.13	m

Angles

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Max X Factor	9	11	17	23	29	32	38	deg
Hip Raise Angle	32	51	72	98	111	126	136	deg
Arm Slot Angle	10	23	36	50	58	70	75	deg
Max Layback Angle	0	0	124	141	172	195	207	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Coil)	88	103	112	123	131	140	145	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	56	72	87	101	115	126	127	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Release)	-32	-23	-18	-12	-3	5	17	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Coil)	98	103	111	117	126	136	144	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	55	62	73	84	95	105	106	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Release)	-6	1	13	19	27	36	41	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt (Foot Contact)	-12	-11	-8	-5	-2	1	3	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt at Release	3	5	10	16	23	28	30	deg
Trunk Forward Tilt (Release)	7	14	19	25	28	33	36	deg

High School Sample

Reference dataset built from 226 unique high school athletes performing a pitch in 2025.

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Prefer higher velocities for better performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity	284	335	399	440	505	573	589	deg/s
Peak Trunk Angular Velocity	565	588	636	695	757	786	806	deg/s
Peak Arm Angular Velocity	886	1076	1166	1257	1332	1445	1482	deg/s
Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up	1.10	1.21	1.39	1.56	1.75	1.97	2.16	ratio
Trunk to Arm Speed Up	1.41	1.50	1.64	1.82	1.92	2.12	2.30	ratio
Max Trunk COM Velocity	1.59	1.64	1.83	2.17	2.62	2.93	3.65	m/s

Distance and Time

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Stride Length	0.71	0.75	0.82	0.92	1.04	1.08	1.13	% height
Time to Release	1.08	1.12	1.20	1.28	1.39	1.53	2.90	s
Wrist Position to Lead Toe	-0.31	-0.23	-0.13	-0.06	-0.01	0.08	0.13	m
Wrist Height at Release	0.83	0.89	0.99	1.08	1.14	1.21	1.26	m

Angles

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Max X Factor	12	15	19	26	31	36	39	deg
Hip Raise Angle	62	82	99	112	124	134	136	deg
Arm Slot Angle	25	29	41	50	60	69	78	deg
Max Layback Angle	0	0	111	126	164	185	203	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Coil)	99	107	117	125	133	143	146	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	39	59	75	90	107	120	126	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Release)	-28	-23	-16	-11	-5	-1	2	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Coil)	101	104	112	120	129	138	143	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	51	55	64	71	86	100	110	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Release)	-7	1	11	17	24	31	35	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt (Foot Contact)	-11	-10	-7	-3	0	8	12	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt at Release	2	4	10	15	21	25	30	deg
Trunk Forward Tilt (Release)	9	14	20	27	32	36	38	deg

College Sample

Reference dataset built from 167 unique collegiate athletes performing a pitch in 2025.

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Prefer higher velocities for better performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity	316	348	407	458	534	575	589	deg/s
Peak Trunk Angular Velocity	594	622	671	742	804	848	886	deg/s
Peak Arm Angular Velocity	1031	1192	1288	1363	1472	1595	1630	deg/s
Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up	1.17	1.29	1.45	1.58	1.77	2.04	2.20	ratio
Trunk to Arm Speed Up	1.45	1.57	1.71	1.86	2.02	2.23	2.37	ratio
Max Trunk COM Velocity	2.07	2.14	2.41	2.69	3.00	3.32	3.72	m/s

Distance and Time

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Stride Length	0.86	0.88	0.93	1.01	1.06	1.12	1.16	% height
Time to Release	1.03	1.07	1.11	1.23	1.31	1.40	1.52	s
Wrist Position to Lead Toe	-0.44	-0.32	-0.19	-0.11	-0.02	0.06	0.09	m
Wrist Height at Release	0.81	0.88	0.96	1.07	1.20	1.35	1.48	m

Angles

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Max X Factor	12	14	22	29	35	39	41	deg
Hip Raise Angle	78	98	110	123	131	136	140	deg
Arm Slot Angle	32	34	41	55	71	88	97	deg
Max Layback Angle	97	107	115	128	141	173	180	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Coil)	106	111	118	126	133	139	142	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	53	59	69	81	95	106	109	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Release)	-25	-22	-15	-11	-6	2	4	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Coil)	102	105	110	119	128	138	140	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	45	48	54	65	76	84	89	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Release)	-7	0	10	19	25	32	35	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt (Foot Contact)	-10	-8	-4	1	4	8	10	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt at Release	-5	3	8	15	21	26	27	deg
Trunk Forward Tilt (Release)	15	18	25	29	34	39	42	deg

Professional Sample

Reference dataset built from 155 unique professional athletes performing a pitch in 2025.

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Prefer higher velocities for better performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity	276	307	363	441	519	651	741	deg/s
Peak Trunk Angular Velocity	463	523	628	699	783	838	866	deg/s
Peak Arm Angular Velocity	880	1123	1274	1372	1478	1625	1689	deg/s
Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up	1.02	1.14	1.41	1.58	1.84	2.13	2.63	ratio
Trunk to Arm Speed Up	1.32	1.64	1.75	1.97	2.13	2.60	2.73	ratio
Max Trunk COM Velocity	2.32	2.72	2.99	3.40	3.79	5.82	5.91	m/s

Distance and Time

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Stride Length	0.70	0.85	0.94	1.10	1.21	1.35	1.44	% height
Time to Release	0.23	0.55	0.97	1.18	1.30	1.43	1.79	s
Wrist Position to Lead Toe	-0.37	-0.25	-0.16	-0.04	0.07	0.23	0.30	m
Wrist Height at Release	0.89	1.03	1.13	1.28	1.48	1.91	2.00	m

Angles

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Max X Factor	7	10	14	20	26	34	37	deg
Hip Raise Angle	24	41	53	91	127	138	141	deg
Arm Slot Angle	17	30	38	52	61	84	124	deg
Max Layback Angle	0	0	114	140	153	181	198	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Coil)	72	86	100	110	119	135	146	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	20	27	51	70	82	95	98	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Release)	-27	-25	-17	-11	-5	0	10	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Coil)	63	81	94	104	124	132	142	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	32	37	46	62	75	82	90	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Release)	-11	-4	8	15	27	37	42	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt (Foot Contact)	-12	-10	-4	5	11	16	18	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt at Release	-9	-2	5	13	18	22	26	deg
Trunk Forward Tilt (Release)	12	13	18	27	34	42	48	deg

Broad Sample (All Levels)

Reference dataset pooled across all competition levels, from the 2026 Q1 dataset (2025 pitching sessions).

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Prefer higher velocities for better performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity	285	329	382	437	499	573	603	deg/s
Peak Trunk Angular Velocity	519	574	639	700	764	819	846	deg/s
Peak Arm Angular Velocity	887	1002	1160	1271	1382	1498	1598	deg/s
Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up	1.13	1.23	1.41	1.57	1.76	2.03	2.27	ratio
Trunk to Arm Speed Up	1.28	1.48	1.64	1.82	1.99	2.21	2.43	ratio
Max Trunk COM Velocity	1.45	1.52	1.76	2.35	2.90	3.58	4.65	m/s

Distance and Time

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Stride Length	0.683	0.729	0.808	0.923	1.046	1.127	1.190	% height
Time to Release	0.91	1.02	1.12	1.24	1.35	1.48	2.16	s
Wrist Position to Lead Toe	-0.365	-0.273	-0.153	-0.059	0.008	0.081	0.120	m
Wrist Height at Release	0.797	0.837	0.942	1.045	1.164	1.336	1.494	m

Angles

Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance.

Variable	5%	10%	25%	50%	75%	90%	95%	Units
Max X Factor	9	13	18	25	31	36	40	deg
Hip Raise Angle	42	57	89	110	125	134	139	deg
Arm Slot Angle	21	29	39	51	63	75	85	deg
Max Layback Angle	0	0	116	132	157	189	202	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Coil)	90	102	112	123	132	140	145	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	40	53	71	88	105	116	126	deg
Trunk Angle to Plate (Release)	-28	-23	-17	-11	-5	2	6	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Coil)	89	100	109	118	128	137	143	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Foot Contact)	38	49	61	72	86	97	105	deg
Pelvis Angle to Plate (Release)	-7	0	11	18	25	34	38	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt (Foot Contact)	-11	-10	-7	-3	3	9	13	deg
Trunk Lateral Tilt at Release	-1	4	9	15	21	26	28	deg
Trunk Forward Tilt (Release)	10	14	20	27	32	37	41	deg

Get Started

Resources

Biomechanics

Baseball Pitching: Normative Ranges

Youth Sample

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles

High School Sample

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles

College Sample

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles

Professional Sample

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles

Broad Sample (All Levels)

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles

​Youth Sample

​Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

​Distance and Time

​Angles

​High School Sample

​Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

​Distance and Time

​Angles

​College Sample

​Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

​Distance and Time

​Angles

​Professional Sample

​Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

​Distance and Time

​Angles

​Broad Sample (All Levels)

​Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

​Distance and Time

​Angles

Youth Sample

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles

High School Sample

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles

College Sample

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles

Professional Sample

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles

Broad Sample (All Levels)

Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities

Distance and Time

Angles