Golf: Swing

A repeatable swing is what separates consistent ball-striking from a round full of surprises. Uplift breaks the swing down frame-by-frame using the P Classification System, tracking how the pelvis, trunk, and arms sequence power from Address through Finish. Surfacing faults like sway, early extension, or a reverse spine angle turns a vague “something feels off” into specific, coachable fixes. Quantifying tempo and rotational power over time can track subtle and long-term changes in efficiency and consistency.

Dimensions

Required Inputs for processing:

handedness: the handedness of the athlete [‘left’, ‘right’]

Variables

Output variables from golf swing analysis.

Generic Outputs

Every capture includes session metadata, standard joint angle/velocity time series, and 3D keypoint positions common to all movements. See Generic Outputs for the full list.

Events

Identify specific time points during the swing, anchored to the P Classification System used by golf instructors worldwide (P1 Address through P10 Finish), plus supporting events used to detect them.

Event	Short Description	Column Name
P1 Address	Static setup position immediately before the swing begins.	`p1_address_frame`
P2 Takeaway	Start of the swing; trunk has rotated more than 20° from Address.	`p2_takeaway_frame`
P3 Mid Backswing	Hands rise above the elbows on the way to the top of the backswing.	`p3_mid_backswing_frame`
P4 Top of Swing	Highest hand position of the backswing, just before the downswing transition.	`p4_top_of_swing_frame`
P5 Transition	Swing changes direction from backswing to downswing.	`p5_transition_frame`
P6 Pre-Impact	Moment just before impact; lead wrist closest to the trail hip.	`p6_pre_impact_frame`
P7 Impact	The moment of ball contact — “the moment of truth.”	`p7_impact_frame`
P8 Release	Moment just after impact; continued rotation through the shot.	`p8_release_frame`
P9 Follow Through	Hands rise back above the elbows after impact.	`p9_follow_through_frame`
P10 Finish	Final, balanced finish position of the swing.	`p10_finish_frame`
Max X-Factor	Frame of maximum hip-shoulder separation during the swing.	`max_x_factor_frame`
X-Factor Zero Crossing	Hip-shoulder separation returns to zero after its steepest rise.	`x_factor_zero_crossing_frame`
Min X-Factor	Frame of minimum hip-shoulder separation, used to bound Low Hands.	“
Low Hands	Lowest hand position during the downswing.	“
Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity	Instant of pelvis peak rotational velocity.	`peak_pelvis_angular_velocity_frame`
Peak Trunk Angular Velocity	Instant of trunk peak rotational velocity.	`peak_trunk_angular_velocity_frame`
Peak Arm Angular Velocity	Instant of lead arm peak rotational velocity.	`peak_arm_angular_velocity_frame`

Movement Flags

Identify poor or suboptimal mechanics and posture faults during the swing.

Metric	Short Description	Column Name
Loss of Posture	Mid-shoulder or mid-pelvis position shifts more than 10 cm from Address.	`loss_of_posture`
Early Extension	Pelvis moves toward the ball by more than 10 cm during the swing.	`early_extension`
Reverse Spine Angle	Mid-shoulder moves in front of mid-pelvis by more than 5 cm during the backswing.	`reverse_spine_angle`
Sway	Pelvis shifts laterally away from the target by more than 10 cm.	`sway`
Chicken Wing	Lead elbow bends more than 20° at impact.	`chicken_wing`
Hang Back	Pelvis stays more than 5 cm behind its Address position at Impact.	`hang_back`
Slide	Lead knee or hip shifts more than 5 cm toward the target during the downswing.	`slide`

Kinematic Sequence

Order and magnitude of pelvis, trunk, and lead-arm peak rotational velocity during the downswing.

Metric	Units	Short Description	Column Name
Kinematic Sequence	N/A	Order of peak segment angular velocities. Optimal sequence is pelvis-trunk-arm.	`kinematic_sequence`
Peak Pelvis Velocity	deg/s	Max rotational speed of the pelvis during the downswing.	`peak_pelvis_angular_velocity`
Peak Trunk Velocity	deg/s	Max rotational speed of the trunk during the downswing.	`peak_trunk_angular_velocity`
Peak Arm Velocity	deg/s	Max rotational speed of the lead arm during the downswing.	`peak_arm_angular_velocity`

X-Factor & Timing

Hip-shoulder separation and swing timing metrics.

Metric	Units	Short Description	Column Name
Pre-Load Max X-Factor	deg	Max hip-shoulder separation between Address and Impact.	`pre_load_max_x_factor`
Follow-Through Max X-Factor	deg	Max hip-shoulder separation between Impact and Finish.	`follow_through_max_x_factor`
Upswing Duration	s	Duration from Takeaway to Top of Swing.	`upswing_duration`
Downswing Duration	s	Duration from Top of Swing to Impact.	`downswing_duration`
Dynamic Tempo Ratio	ratio	Ratio of downswing duration to upswing duration.	`dynamic_tempo_ratio`
Pelvis Sway Range	m	Range of lateral pelvis displacement between Address and Impact.	`pelvis_sway_range`

Shoulder Angles at Key Events

Lead and trail shoulder flexion and tilt relative to the trunk, sampled at Address, Top of Swing, and Impact.

Metric	Units	Short Description	Column Name
Lead Shoulder Flexion at P1 Address	deg	Lead shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P1 Address.	`lead_shoulder_flexion_at_p1`
Lead Shoulder Flexion at P4 Top of Swing	deg	Lead shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P4 Top of Swing.	`lead_shoulder_flexion_at_p4`
Lead Shoulder Flexion at P7 Impact	deg	Lead shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P7 Impact.	`lead_shoulder_flexion_at_p7`
Lead Shoulder Tilt at P1 Address	deg	Lead shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P1 Address.	`lead_shoulder_tilt_at_p1`
Lead Shoulder Tilt at P4 Top of Swing	deg	Lead shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P4 Top of Swing.	`lead_shoulder_tilt_at_p4`
Lead Shoulder Tilt at P7 Impact	deg	Lead shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P7 Impact.	`lead_shoulder_tilt_at_p7`
Trail Shoulder Flexion at P1 Address	deg	Trail shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P1 Address.	`trail_shoulder_flexion_at_p1`
Trail Shoulder Flexion at P4 Top of Swing	deg	Trail shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P4 Top of Swing.	`trail_shoulder_flexion_at_p4`
Trail Shoulder Flexion at P7 Impact	deg	Trail shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P7 Impact.	`trail_shoulder_flexion_at_p7`
Trail Shoulder Tilt at P1 Address	deg	Trail shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P1 Address.	`trail_shoulder_tilt_at_p1`
Trail Shoulder Tilt at P4 Top of Swing	deg	Trail shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P4 Top of Swing.	`trail_shoulder_tilt_at_p4`
Trail Shoulder Tilt at P7 Impact	deg	Trail shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P7 Impact.	`trail_shoulder_tilt_at_p7`

Global Trunk & Pelvis Angles at Key Events

Trunk and pelvis flexion, tilt, and rotation relative to the global (ground) reference frame, sampled at Address, Top of Swing, and Impact.

Metric	Units	Short Description	Column Name
Global Trunk Flexion at P1 Address	deg	Trunk flexion angle relative to the global frame at P1 Address.	`global_trunk_flexion_at_p1`
Global Trunk Tilt at P1 Address	deg	Trunk tilt angle relative to the global frame at P1 Address.	`global_trunk_tilt_at_p1`
Global Pelvis Tilt at P1 Address	deg	Pelvis tilt angle relative to the global frame at P1 Address.	`global_pelvis_tilt_at_p1`
Global Trunk Flexion at P4 Top of Swing	deg	Trunk flexion angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing.	`global_trunk_flexion_at_p4`
Global Trunk Tilt at P4 Top of Swing	deg	Trunk tilt angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing.	`global_trunk_tilt_at_p4`
Global Trunk Rotation at P4 Top of Swing	deg	Trunk rotation angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing.	`global_trunk_rotation_at_p4`
Global Pelvis Tilt at P4 Top of Swing	deg	Pelvis tilt angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing.	`global_pelvis_tilt_at_p4`
Global Pelvis Rotation at P4 Top of Swing	deg	Pelvis rotation angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing.	`global_pelvis_rotation_at_p4`
Global Trunk Flexion at P7 Impact	deg	Trunk flexion angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact.	`global_trunk_flexion_at_p7`
Global Trunk Tilt at P7 Impact	deg	Trunk tilt angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact.	`global_trunk_tilt_at_p7`
Global Trunk Rotation at P7 Impact	deg	Trunk rotation angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact.	`global_trunk_rotation_at_p7`
Global Pelvis Tilt at P7 Impact	deg	Pelvis tilt angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact.	`global_pelvis_tilt_at_p7`
Global Pelvis Rotation at P7 Impact	deg	Pelvis rotation angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact.	`global_pelvis_rotation_at_p7`

Notes

Kinematic data typically captured at 240Hz for Golf Swing
All boolean variables (true/false = 1/0) return -1 if metric unable to be calculated.

Get Started

Resources

Biomechanics

Dimensions

Variables

Generic Outputs

Events

Movement Flags

Kinematic Sequence

X-Factor & Timing

Shoulder Angles at Key Events

Global Trunk & Pelvis Angles at Key Events

Notes

​Dimensions

​Variables

​Generic Outputs

​Events

​Movement Flags

​Kinematic Sequence

​X-Factor & Timing

​Shoulder Angles at Key Events

​Global Trunk & Pelvis Angles at Key Events

​Notes

Dimensions

Variables

Generic Outputs

Events

Movement Flags

Kinematic Sequence

X-Factor & Timing

Shoulder Angles at Key Events

Global Trunk & Pelvis Angles at Key Events

Notes