> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.uplift.ai/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Softball Hitting: Normative Ranges > Full percentile reference tables (5th–95th) for softball hitting metrics, broken out by competition level. This page collects the percentile summaries on individual [metric pages](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting), fully documented for each competition level. See [Normative Ranges](/biomechanics/normative-ranges) for how to interpret these tables. Distance metrics are shown in inches to match the display units used on individual metric pages. Note: due to relatively low sample size in some subgroups, Softball Hitting Norms are identical for (youth, high school) and (college, pro). ## Youth Sample ### Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities & Speedup Factors Prefer higher velocities and speedup factors for better performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-pelvis-angular-velocity) | 361 | 384 | 406 | 455 | 494 | 537 | 554 | deg/s | | [Peak Trunk Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-trunk-angular-velocity) | 469 | 489 | 533 | 582 | 666 | 715 | 745 | deg/s | | [Peak Arm Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-arm-angular-velocity) | 455 | 486 | 577 | 694 | 805 | 924 | 1020 | deg/s | | [Trunk to Arm Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-to-arm-speed-up) | 0.80 | 0.89 | 1.03 | 1.14 | 1.31 | 1.51 | 1.67 | ratio | | [Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-to-trunk-speed-up) | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.23 | 1.33 | 1.42 | 1.48 | 1.53 | ratio | ### Times Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Time to Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-ball-contact) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 1.02 | s | | [Time to Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-launch) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.70 | s | | [Pelvis Acceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-acceleration-time) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.39 | s | | [Pelvis Deceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-deceleration-time) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.54 | 0.57 | s | ### Distance Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | ----- | | [Stride Length](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/stride-length) | 18.2 | 20.7 | 23.6 | 25.3 | 27.7 | 29.5 | 31.0 | in | | [Linear Stretch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/linear-stretch) | 13.7 | 16.5 | 19.3 | 22.0 | 25.4 | 27.2 | 28.5 | in | | [Drifting Forward Magnitude](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/drifting-forward-magnitude) | -0.9 | -0.6 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 3.7 | in | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Elbow Slot](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-elbow-slot) | 0.205 | 0.218 | 0.254 | 0.302 | 0.358 | 0.395 | 0.408 | m | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-ball-contact) | 0.187 | 0.203 | 0.231 | 0.282 | 0.344 | 0.391 | 0.410 | m | | [Rear Arm Connection](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/rear-arm-connection) | 8.9 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 12.2 | 13.5 | 13.9 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Towards Pitcher](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-towards-pitcher) | -11.5 | -10.8 | -9.8 | -8.0 | -6.2 | -4.2 | -3.2 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-up) | -0.9 | -0.2 | 1.8 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 7.8 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Away from Body](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-away-from-body) | 0.0 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 7.3 | 8.0 | in | ### Angles Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | ----- | | [Max X Factor](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/max-x-factor) | 0 | 0 | 14 | 19 | 26 | 36 | 38 | deg | | [Hip Hinge](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/hip-hinge) | 43 | 44 | 54 | 60 | 67 | 73 | 79 | deg | | [Trunk Coil](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-coil) | 15 | 20 | 26 | 33 | 38 | 47 | 50 | deg | | [Trunk Tilt at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-tilt-at-launch) | -1 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 21 | deg | | [Scap Load at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/scap-load-at-launch) | -15 | -11 | -4 | 8 | 21 | 29 | 37 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-launch) | 110 | 117 | 124 | 128 | 132 | 135 | 135 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-ball-contact) | 47 | 50 | 60 | 74 | 88 | 97 | 103 | deg | | [Lead Knee Angle at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/lead-knee-angle-at-ball-contact) | 9 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 28 | 34 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Flexion](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-flexion) | 22 | 24 | 27 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 42 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Tilt](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-tilt) | -7 | -1 | 3 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 28 | deg | ## High School Sample ### Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities & Speedup Factors Prefer higher velocities and speedup factors for better performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-pelvis-angular-velocity) | 361 | 384 | 406 | 455 | 494 | 537 | 554 | deg/s | | [Peak Trunk Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-trunk-angular-velocity) | 469 | 489 | 533 | 582 | 666 | 715 | 745 | deg/s | | [Peak Arm Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-arm-angular-velocity) | 455 | 486 | 577 | 694 | 805 | 924 | 1020 | deg/s | | [Trunk to Arm Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-to-arm-speed-up) | 0.80 | 0.89 | 1.03 | 1.14 | 1.31 | 1.51 | 1.67 | ratio | | [Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-to-trunk-speed-up) | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.23 | 1.33 | 1.42 | 1.48 | 1.53 | ratio | ### Times Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Time to Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-ball-contact) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 1.02 | s | | [Time to Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-launch) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.70 | s | | [Pelvis Acceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-acceleration-time) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.39 | s | | [Pelvis Deceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-deceleration-time) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.54 | 0.57 | s | ### Distance Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | ----- | | [Stride Length](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/stride-length) | 18.2 | 20.7 | 23.6 | 25.3 | 27.7 | 29.5 | 31.0 | in | | [Linear Stretch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/linear-stretch) | 13.7 | 16.5 | 19.3 | 22.0 | 25.4 | 27.2 | 28.5 | in | | [Drifting Forward Magnitude](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/drifting-forward-magnitude) | -0.9 | -0.6 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 3.7 | in | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Elbow Slot](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-elbow-slot) | 0.197 | 0.208 | 0.233 | 0.272 | 0.301 | 0.344 | 0.360 | m | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-ball-contact) | 0.185 | 0.193 | 0.214 | 0.249 | 0.306 | 0.355 | 0.373 | m | | [Rear Arm Connection](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/rear-arm-connection) | 8.9 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 12.2 | 13.5 | 13.9 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Towards Pitcher](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-towards-pitcher) | -11.5 | -10.8 | -9.8 | -8.0 | -6.2 | -4.2 | -3.2 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-up) | -0.9 | -0.2 | 1.8 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 7.8 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Away from Body](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-away-from-body) | 0.0 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 7.3 | 8.0 | in | ### Angles Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | ----- | | [Max X Factor](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/max-x-factor) | 0 | 0 | 14 | 19 | 26 | 36 | 38 | deg | | [Hip Hinge](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/hip-hinge) | 43 | 44 | 54 | 60 | 67 | 73 | 79 | deg | | [Trunk Coil](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-coil) | 15 | 20 | 26 | 33 | 38 | 47 | 50 | deg | | [Trunk Tilt at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-tilt-at-launch) | -1 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 21 | deg | | [Scap Load at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/scap-load-at-launch) | -15 | -11 | -4 | 8 | 21 | 29 | 37 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-launch) | 110 | 117 | 124 | 128 | 132 | 135 | 135 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-ball-contact) | 47 | 50 | 60 | 74 | 88 | 97 | 103 | deg | | [Lead Knee Angle at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/lead-knee-angle-at-ball-contact) | 9 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 28 | 34 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Flexion](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-flexion) | 22 | 24 | 27 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 42 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Tilt](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-tilt) | -7 | -1 | 3 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 28 | deg | ## College Sample ### Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities & Speedup Factors Prefer higher velocities and speedup factors for better performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-pelvis-angular-velocity) | 420 | 438 | 472 | 507 | 543 | 578 | 605 | deg/s | | [Peak Trunk Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-trunk-angular-velocity) | 510 | 553 | 595 | 645 | 692 | 746 | 770 | deg/s | | [Peak Arm Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-arm-angular-velocity) | 501 | 588 | 684 | 792 | 919 | 1011 | 1054 | deg/s | | [Trunk to Arm Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-to-arm-speed-up) | 0.87 | 0.92 | 1.06 | 1.21 | 1.37 | 1.54 | 1.66 | ratio | | [Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-to-trunk-speed-up) | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 1.28 | 1.34 | 1.42 | 1.44 | ratio | ### Times Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Time to Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-ball-contact) | 0.42 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 1.04 | s | | [Time to Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-launch) | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.69 | s | | [Pelvis Acceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-acceleration-time) | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.36 | s | | [Pelvis Deceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-deceleration-time) | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.58 | s | ### Distance Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | ----- | | [Stride Length](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/stride-length) | 21.3 | 23.0 | 26.1 | 28.8 | 31.6 | 34.3 | 36.7 | in | | [Linear Stretch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/linear-stretch) | 14.1 | 15.4 | 19.9 | 23.2 | 27.3 | 30.6 | 32.1 | in | | [Drifting Forward Magnitude](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/drifting-forward-magnitude) | -1.0 | -0.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 3.3 | in | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Elbow Slot](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-elbow-slot) | 0.216 | 0.235 | 0.295 | 0.341 | 0.388 | 0.403 | 0.422 | m | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-ball-contact) | 0.209 | 0.231 | 0.259 | 0.313 | 0.372 | 0.403 | 0.420 | m | | [Rear Arm Connection](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/rear-arm-connection) | 10.5 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 14.0 | 15.4 | 16.8 | 18.4 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Towards Pitcher](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-towards-pitcher) | -12.6 | -12.1 | -10.8 | -8.3 | -5.6 | -2.9 | 0.3 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-up) | -0.9 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 7.3 | 8.9 | 9.6 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Away from Body](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-away-from-body) | 1.8 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 10.1 | 11.0 | in | ### Angles Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | ----- | | [Max X Factor](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/max-x-factor) | 8 | 16 | 21 | 27 | 34 | 38 | 40 | deg | | [Hip Hinge](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/hip-hinge) | 42 | 44 | 49 | 55 | 62 | 69 | 72 | deg | | [Trunk Coil](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-coil) | 5 | 21 | 29 | 36 | 43 | 49 | 53 | deg | | [Trunk Tilt at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-tilt-at-launch) | 1 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 21 | deg | | [Scap Load at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/scap-load-at-launch) | -29 | -19 | -6 | 6 | 16 | 33 | 40 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-launch) | 110 | 118 | 125 | 130 | 135 | 137 | 138 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-ball-contact) | 41 | 45 | 56 | 72 | 86 | 98 | 103 | deg | | [Lead Knee Angle at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/lead-knee-angle-at-ball-contact) | 6 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 21 | 27 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Flexion](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-flexion) | 20 | 25 | 29 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 43 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Tilt](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-tilt) | -4 | -1 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 23 | 25 | deg | ## Professional Sample ### Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities & Speedup Factors Prefer higher velocities and speedup factors for better performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-pelvis-angular-velocity) | 420 | 438 | 472 | 507 | 543 | 578 | 605 | deg/s | | [Peak Trunk Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-trunk-angular-velocity) | 510 | 553 | 595 | 645 | 692 | 746 | 770 | deg/s | | [Peak Arm Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-arm-angular-velocity) | 501 | 588 | 684 | 792 | 919 | 1011 | 1054 | deg/s | | [Trunk to Arm Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-to-arm-speed-up) | 0.87 | 0.92 | 1.06 | 1.21 | 1.37 | 1.54 | 1.66 | ratio | | [Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-to-trunk-speed-up) | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 1.28 | 1.34 | 1.42 | 1.44 | ratio | ### Times Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Time to Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-ball-contact) | 0.42 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 1.04 | s | | [Time to Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-launch) | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.69 | s | | [Pelvis Acceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-acceleration-time) | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.36 | s | | [Pelvis Deceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-deceleration-time) | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.58 | s | ### Distance Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | ----- | | [Stride Length](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/stride-length) | 21.3 | 23.0 | 26.1 | 28.8 | 31.6 | 34.3 | 36.7 | in | | [Linear Stretch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/linear-stretch) | 14.1 | 15.4 | 19.9 | 23.2 | 27.3 | 30.6 | 32.1 | in | | [Drifting Forward Magnitude](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/drifting-forward-magnitude) | -1.0 | -0.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 3.3 | in | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Elbow Slot](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-elbow-slot) | 0.216 | 0.235 | 0.295 | 0.341 | 0.388 | 0.403 | 0.422 | m | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-ball-contact) | 0.209 | 0.231 | 0.259 | 0.313 | 0.372 | 0.403 | 0.420 | m | | [Rear Arm Connection](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/rear-arm-connection) | 10.5 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 14.0 | 15.4 | 16.8 | 18.4 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Towards Pitcher](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-towards-pitcher) | -12.6 | -12.1 | -10.8 | -8.3 | -5.6 | -2.9 | 0.3 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-up) | -0.9 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 7.3 | 8.9 | 9.6 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Away from Body](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-away-from-body) | 1.8 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 10.1 | 11.0 | in | ### Angles Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | ----- | | [Max X Factor](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/max-x-factor) | 8 | 16 | 21 | 27 | 34 | 38 | 40 | deg | | [Hip Hinge](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/hip-hinge) | 42 | 44 | 49 | 55 | 62 | 69 | 72 | deg | | [Trunk Coil](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-coil) | 5 | 21 | 29 | 36 | 43 | 49 | 53 | deg | | [Trunk Tilt at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-tilt-at-launch) | 1 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 21 | deg | | [Scap Load at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/scap-load-at-launch) | -29 | -19 | -6 | 6 | 16 | 33 | 40 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-launch) | 110 | 118 | 125 | 130 | 135 | 137 | 138 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-ball-contact) | 41 | 45 | 56 | 72 | 86 | 98 | 103 | deg | | [Lead Knee Angle at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/lead-knee-angle-at-ball-contact) | 6 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 21 | 27 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Flexion](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-flexion) | 20 | 25 | 29 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 43 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Tilt](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-tilt) | -4 | -1 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 23 | 25 | deg | ## Broad Sample (All Levels) ### Kinematic Sequence – Peak Segment Angular Velocities & Speedup Factors Prefer higher velocities and speedup factors for better performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-pelvis-angular-velocity) | 384 | 402 | 437 | 485 | 526 | 564 | 584 | deg/s | | [Peak Trunk Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-trunk-angular-velocity) | 487 | 511 | 563 | 630 | 683 | 739 | 770 | deg/s | | [Peak Arm Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/peak-arm-angular-velocity) | 482 | 509 | 634 | 743 | 881 | 996 | 1047 | deg/s | | [Trunk to Arm Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-to-arm-speed-up) | 0.81 | 0.90 | 1.04 | 1.19 | 1.36 | 1.55 | 1.67 | ratio | | [Pelvis to Trunk Speed Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-to-trunk-speed-up) | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.39 | 1.48 | 1.53 | ratio | ### Times Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | ----- | | [Time to Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-ball-contact) | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 1.02 | s | | [Time to Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/time-to-launch) | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.70 | s | | [Pelvis Acceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-acceleration-time) | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.39 | s | | [Pelvis Deceleration Time](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/pelvis-deceleration-time) | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.58 | s | ### Distance Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | ----- | | [Stride Length](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/stride-length) | 19.7 | 21.6 | 24.1 | 26.9 | 29.6 | 32.6 | 34.5 | in | | [Linear Stretch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/linear-stretch) | 12.3 | 15.3 | 19.3 | 22.3 | 25.7 | 28.8 | 31.1 | in | | [Drifting Forward Magnitude](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/drifting-forward-magnitude) | -0.9 | -0.5 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 3.7 | in | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Elbow Slot](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-elbow-slot) | 0.205 | 0.218 | 0.254 | 0.302 | 0.358 | 0.395 | 0.408 | m | | [Inter Elbow Distance at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/inter-elbow-distance-at-ball-contact) | 0.187 | 0.203 | 0.231 | 0.282 | 0.344 | 0.391 | 0.410 | m | | [Rear Arm Connection](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/rear-arm-connection) | 9.4 | 9.9 | 11.0 | 12.6 | 14.4 | 15.8 | 17.6 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Towards Pitcher](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-towards-pitcher) | -12.2 | -11.6 | -10.1 | -8.1 | -6.1 | -3.7 | -1.6 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Up](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-up) | -1.0 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 6.6 | 8.0 | 8.9 | in | | [Relative Hand Position - Away from Body](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/relative-hand-position-away-from-body) | 0.4 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 5.6 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 10.1 | in | ### Angles Deviations from center indicate atypical positioning, not necessarily poor performance. | Variable | 5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 95% | Units | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | ----- | | [Max X Factor](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/max-x-factor) | 0 | 10 | 17 | 24 | 31 | 37 | 39 | deg | | [Hip Hinge](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/hip-hinge) | 42 | 44 | 50 | 58 | 64 | 71 | 75 | deg | | [Trunk Coil](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-coil) | 14 | 21 | 28 | 34 | 42 | 48 | 51 | deg | | [Trunk Tilt at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/trunk-tilt-at-launch) | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 21 | deg | | [Scap Load at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/scap-load-at-launch) | -24 | -15 | -4 | 7 | 19 | 33 | 40 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Launch](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-launch) | 109 | 117 | 124 | 129 | 133 | 136 | 137 | deg | | [Elbow Flexion at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/elbow-flexion-at-ball-contact) | 43 | 48 | 57 | 72 | 87 | 97 | 103 | deg | | [Lead Knee Angle at Ball Contact](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/lead-knee-angle-at-ball-contact) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 25 | 32 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Flexion](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-flexion) | 21 | 24 | 28 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 43 | deg | | [Shoulder Rotation Plane Tilt](/biomechanics/activities/softball/hitting/metrics/shoulder-rotation-plane-tilt) | -6 | -1 | 3 | 11 | 18 | 25 | 27 | deg |